Amateur dreams up way to curb warming of planet

WASHINGTON — Ron Ace said that his breakthrough moments have come at unexpected times: while in bed or easing his aging Cadillac across the Chesapeake Bay Bridge or steering a tractor around his 5-acre property.

In his Maryland home, Ace has spent three years glued to the Internet, studying the Earth's climate cycles and careening from one epiphany to another, a 69-year-old loner with the moxie to try to solve one of the greatest threats to humankind.

Backed by a computer model, the little-known inventor is making public a U.S. patent petition for what he calls the most "practical, nontoxic, affordable, rapidly achievable" and beneficial way to curb global warming and a resulting catastrophic ocean rise.

Spray gigatons of seawater into the air, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, and let Mother Nature do the rest, he said.

The evaporating water, Ace said, would cool the Earth in multiple ways: First, the sprayed droplets would become water vapor, a change that absorbs thermal energy near ground level; the rising vapor would condense into sunlight-reflecting clouds and cooling rain, releasing much of the stored energy into space in the form of infrared radiation.

McClatchy Newspapers has followed Ace's work for three years and obtained a copy of his 2007 patent petition for what he calls "a colossal refrigeration system with a 100,000-fold performance multiplier."

"The Earth has a giant air-conditioning problem," he said. "I'm proposing to put a thermostat on the planet."

Could it work?

Although it might sound preposterous, a computer model run by an internationally known global-warming scientist suggests Ace's giant humidifier might work.

Kenneth Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution's Department of Global Ecology at Stanford University, roughly simulated Ace's idea in recent months on a model that is used extensively by top scientists to study warming.

The simulated evaporation of about one-half inch of additional water everywhere in the world produced immediate planetary cooling effects that were projected to reach nearly 1 degree Fahrenheit within 20 or 30 years, Caldeira said.

"In the computer simulation, evaporating water was almost as effective as directly transferring ... energy to space, which was surprising to me," he said.

Ace said the cooling effect would be several times greater if the model were refined to spray the same amount of seawater at strategic locations.

He proposes installing 1,000 or more devices that spray water 20 to 200 feet into the air, depending on conditions, from barren stretches of the West African coast, bluffs on deserted Atlantic Ocean isles, deserts adjoining the African, South American and Mediterranean coasts and other arid or windy sites. To maximize cloud formation, he'd avoid the humid tropics, where most water vapor quickly turns to rain.

"It does seem like evaporating water outside the tropics would be more effective," Caldeira said.

Several scientists who reviewed Ace's patent petition had reactions from caution to outright derision over its possibilities, but some softened their views upon learning of the computer model.

Ace's invention rests on some unconventional theories.

He contends the planet is 5 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit too hot to stop the meltdown from the last ice age 20,000 years ago, not a couple of degrees too warm, as government scientists say. He proposes lowering the temperature by 3.5 degrees to 4 degrees, leaving a cushion to avoid tipping toward another ice age and always retaining the option of turning the sprayers down or off, if needed.

He suspects deforestation is a major cause of global warming, not just because trees absorb carbon dioxide but also because a large-leaf tree can wick up and evaporate hundreds of gallons of water in a single day. Ace said that the absence of tens of billions of trees, destroyed by southward-creeping glaciers thousands of years ago and again by man's recent timber cutting, has left the planet "slightly dehumidified," reducing cloud cover.

Ace points to recent research that found snow cover is shrinking on Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro and other mountaintops, a change attributed to declining snowfall.

Results in a decade

It would be relatively easy to design spraying equipment to carry out his plan to fill that water-vapor deficit, but it would take a major international effort to install 1,000 large spraying devices, or thousands of smaller ones. If fully deployed, the 15,800 cubic meters of sprayed water a second would be equivalent to the flow at the mouth of the Mississippi River and would require enough energy to power a medium-size city.

However, spraying only a portion of that amount for a decade would be enough to cool the equivalent of current human-made global warming, estimated to range up to 0.76 degrees Fahrenheit, Ace said. Such cooling, he said, could buy humankind decades of time for more research and precision.

Depending on its scale, the water-evaporation scheme would cost anywhere from hundreds of millions of dollars to billions of dollars a year, but Ace said it would have "a net positive financial effect." It would prevent global warming-related damage, he said, and the extra rainfall would provide the cheapest way to transport water to drought-stricken regions, counteract desert expansions, increase natural irrigation for crops and boost the output of hydroelectric-power plants.

Added rainfall also would reduce atmospheric greenhouse-gas levels, because cold raindrops carry more carbon dioxide back to the oceans than is released when water evaporates, he said.

Caldeira's computer results could surprise many scientists because water vapor is a greenhouse gas widely recognized to be more powerful than carbon dioxide. The simulation suggests, however, that water vapor's cooling effects overwhelm its heat-trapping properties.

Not without critics

Ace has his doubters, partly because he took the patent route rather than submitting his idea for scientific peer review. A patent certifies an invention is unique, not that it would work.

Douglas Davis, an atmospheric chemist at Georgia Tech University who's known Ace for years, lauded some of his inventions but called his global-cooling idea "big-time speculation" because so little is known about the behavior of water in the atmosphere.

"In the case of the computer models that are used for global warming, I know that the hydrological cycle is a critical component of those models, and the hydrological cycle is not well understood," Davis said, stressing that he's not a climate expert.

David Travis, a University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, professor who has studied clouds extensively, praised Ace's innovation, but said he's "generally opposed to geoengineering" solutions and can't imagine evaporating water on a large enough scale to have a near-term effect.

Caldeira, who plans to submit his computer findings in the spring for peer-reviewed publication, is among scientists so concerned about sluggish progress in curbing greenhouse gases that they met last year to consider geoengineering options.

"Ideas such as Ron Ace's should be carefully and impartially evaluated," Caldeira said. "Every brilliant innovation in the history of technology looked a little bit loony when first proposed."

If you take mirrors ...

Ace's invention looks less loony when compared to some others. NASA scientists conceived the multitrillion-dollar idea of orbiting megaton mirrors in space to deflect sunlight. Other scientists have proposed reflecting solar energy by placing mirrors on thousands of high-altitude balloons, by foaming the oceans' surfaces or by filling the upper atmosphere with tiny sulfates or inert particles, or by adding water droplets to low-level ocean clouds from 1,500 unmanned boats.

Ace said he thinks humankind is "headed straight for a disaster."

By focusing solely on solutions that deal with carbon in the atmosphere, Ace thinks that humankind won't prevent a "big glacier melt" that could lift ocean levels 20 feet and wipe out the world's seaports.

One thing is certain: Ace is dead serious. He's compiled more than 1,000 pages of research, sometimes during all-night binges even though he has cancer. He said he's invested large sums in patenting his global-warming inventions.

Ace said he's created more than 700 inventions, starting with a gravity-measuring machine he built in seventh grade to record passes of the sun and moon on cloudy days. He has won nearly 70 U.S. and foreign patents but said he's lacked the time and money to submit petitions for all but about 24 inventions. None has led to big commercial success.

He often speaks in professorial tones but can quickly morph into a feisty debater over the laws of physics, always mindful of the role of "the big heater": the sun.

Ace said he gradually steeped himself in the science of global warming because of "curiosity, nothing more."

"I never saw myself making a dime on it," said Ace, who said he'd donate his patent to the U.S. government if he gets one. "It's mostly that the data seemed to be incorrect, and I wanted to know what is right."